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PRESS RELEASE - 28 AUGUST 2003
 Edition 2.
Cannabis News Items From Around the World
 HIV AND CANNABIS MAY MIX SAFELY AFTER ALL
CANNABIS NOT AN IMMUNE DEPRESSANT!
HealthDayNews
Short-term use of medical marijuana causes no harm to people with
HIV who are on combination antiretroviral therapy, says a University
of California, San Francisco (UCSF) study.
Researchers found no harmful changes in HIV levels in the participants
when they smoked marijuana or took dronabinol, an oral medical
cannabinoid. The 25-day study included 62 HIV-infected people
on antiretroviral regimens containing a protease inhibitor.
The volunteers were divided into three groups: 20 smoked marijuana,
22 received dronabinol, and 20 received an oral placebo. Researchers
measured changes in HIV levels in the blood of the volunteers
as well as the counts for CD 4 and CD 8 T lymphocyte cells, which
are disease-fighting white blood cells that defend against infection
and are targeted and destroyed by the AIDS virus.
In all three groups, patients with detectable levels of HIV had
no change in the levels of virus in their blood. CD 4 T-cell counts
increased by about 20 per cent for both the groups that used marijuana
and dronabinol. CD 8 T-cell counts increased by 20 per cent in
the marijuana group and by 10 per cent in the dronabinol group.
There was no increase in CD 4 or CD 8 T-cell counts in the placebo
group.
The study was published in the Aug. 19 issue of the journal Annals
of Internal Medicine. "The change in lymphocyte counts for the
smoked marijuana group is intriguing. At a minimum, it contradicts
findings from previous studies suggesting that smoked marijuana
suppresses the immune system," study author Dr. Donald Abrams,
a USCF professor of clinical medicine, says in a news release.
"People with HIV are a vulnerable population, so successfully
addressing the safety concerns allows us to move on to effectiveness
studies, three of which are currently under way here," Abrams
says.
A SCIENTIST'S LIFETIME OF STUDY INTO THE MYSTERIES OF ADDICTION
BETHESDA, Maryland. - The road from Dr. Nora Volkow's childhood home in Mexico to
the director's office at the National Institute on Drug Abuse here was
surprisingly short and straight.
From the time she entered medical school, at 18, Dr. Volkow devoted herself
to the study of addiction.
A research psychiatrist known for her brain-imaging studies, she has
published hundreds of papers, including many that demonstrate how dopamine,
a brain chemical linked to pleasure and motivation, plays a major role in
addictions of all kinds: to drugs, to alcohol and even, some say, to food.
Two oversize computer screens, perfect for viewing PET scan images, stand on
the desk in her office; even with her new leadership role, she intends to
continue her own research.
Dr. Volkow (pronounced VOHL-kahf), 47, grew up in Mexico City, the daughter
of a fashion designer and a pharmaceutical chemist. Her father, the chemist,
had come to Mexico as a boy with his grandfather Leon Trotsky, the Bolshevik
leader expelled from the Soviet Union by Stalin.
She never met her famous great-grandfather, but she was raised in the house
where he lived and died, assassinated in 1940 by a Stalinist agent. On
weekends as a teenager, Nora Volkow and her three sisters led visitors on
tours of the house, which is now a museum.
Now, as the first woman to lead the drug abuse agency, Dr. Volkow will
direct the spending of government money on drug addiction research. On a
rainy morning in June, she discussed her new challenge.
Q. What got you interested in drug abuse?
A. It always fascinated me, the ability of a
drug to take over the process of what we call free will. I don't
know of any other situation where an individual will give up their
family, their profession, their money because of an addiction
they cannot control. I wanted to know what drugs do to the brain.
Q. How can a drug change a person's motivation?
A. People say that addicts take drugs because
the drug is pleasurable. And that is where the whole stigmatization
of the drug-addicted person as being morally weak comes across.
I don't like the whole concept of pleasure because it gets oversimplified.
It's motivation and drive. Drug addiction actually becomes a need. There's
tremendous variability in predisposition for addiction. We know that
genetics are a key element. Why? Because you can genetically engineer
animals that will not become addicted no matter how much of a drug you give
them. We also know that environment can be protective or can favor
vulnerabilities.
Q. How does drug abuse affect free will?
A. People say the addict loses control. But that
is not complete.
A drug-addicted person is motivated by the procurement of a drug. They may
care for their family very much. It's just that the motivation to procure
the drug becomes much more powerful than the motivation to be responsive to
their family.
Q. What kind of environment is likely to protect
people from addiction?
A. Parenting plays a key role. If you take nonhuman
primates and rear them with peers they are much more likely to
abuse alcohol than those that were reared by parents.
Having parents creates in them a sense of self-security. Whereas those that
are reared by peers become very timid. And then they are much more likely to
engage in aggressive acts and taking drugs. Parenting has very subtle
effects that you couldn't have predicted.
Q. Do you consider drug addiction to be, in part,
a biological problem?
A. People say if you consider drug addiction
a disease, you are taking the responsibility away from the drug
addict. But that's wrong. If we say a person has heart disease,
are we eliminating their responsibility? No. We're having them
exercise. We want them to eat less, stop smoking. The fact that
we have a disease recognizes that there are changes, in this case,
in the brain.
Drug addiction also has an impact on a wide variety of illnesses. Smoking
and alcohol are linked with a higher incidence and prevalence of certain
cancers. Marijuana too. The co-morbidity of depression and smoking is close
to 90 percent. Do you know what percentage of schizophrenic patients take
cigarettes or take drugs? Eighty-five. Look at heart disease, the No. 1
killer. What is one of the highest risk factors? Smoking.
Q. Drug abuse usually begins in adolescence.
Do adolescents have a kind of predisposition to drug addiction?
A. We don't know. Our studies have been very
much targeted in adults. We know certainly that the brain dopamine
system changes dramatically during childhood and adolescence.
But what is unique about the brain of adolescents that makes them
particularly vulnerable to drugs? People have said, Well, maybe
it's just a stage in their lives where they want to try everything.
But why would they want to try everything? Obviously, it reflects
something in the way that the brain is working.
Q. Is there any priority among the various drugs
of abuse that need special attention?
A. If you look at it in sheer numbers, of course,
cigarette smoking is an overwhelming priority. Cigarette smoking
may also facilitate consumption of other drugs. Still nicotine
is not like other drugs. For example, when animals have free availability
of cocaine, the animals stop eating, they stop sleeping, and 100
percent of them die. If they have free availability of nicotine
or, for the same matter, heroin, the animals survive.
Q. Is marijuana as dangerous as other drugs?
A. There's data that shows it's damaging to learning
and memory, but then there's data that shows it's not. I've used
imaging, and clearly we have shown that marijuana abusers have
changes in certain areas of the brain involved with memory and
motor coordination. So the idea that it is a benign drug, I don't
think that it is so straightforward.
We all know marijuana users that are so apathetic. But nobody has done the
studies to document the amotivational syndrome. If people are smoking
marijuana, they should know what marijuana is doing to their brain. We need
to do the work.
Q. How do you try to prevent drug abuse?
A. Providing access to knowledge definitely helps.
A lot of people, and certainly adolescents, do not realize the
consequences of being addicted to other things. People who are
addicted are at the higher risk for suicide. They are at the higher
risk for depressive disorders. Many of these drugs are toxic.
Take methamphetamine. When we look at the brains of young methamphetamine
abusers, they look like the brains of people 40 to 50 years older. So what
drugs are inducing in your brain is aging. Do you want to be a 20-year-old
with the brain of a 70-year-old? I think that message is very, very
powerful.
Q. As the great-granddaughter of Leon Trotsky,
did you grow up in a political household?
A. No. My father was so traumatized by what had
happened to his family, he wanted to protect us from anything
political. When I left Mexico to go to Paris - I did one year
in Paris as a medical student - I was exposed to it because there's
a lot of Trotsky's group in France. It was a very interesting
experience.
But I've never become politically involved. If you want to be a scientist,
you cannot allow politics to get in the way of your objectivity.
___________________________________________________
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educational purposes.
CANNABIS "CALMS" AND "LIFTS APPETITE" FOR ALZHEIMERS
A cannabis-based drug could help people with Alzheimer's disease
by giving them the "munchies", researchers say.
Patients with the condition often experience weight loss because
they stop recognising when they are hungry.
The study does not suggest they should be given cannabis to smoke
- instead, they tested a synthetic version of a cannabis extract.
It was found the cannabinoid led to weight and reduced agitation,
another symptom of the disease.
The researchers from the Meridian Institute for Aging in New Jersey
looked at a drug called dronabinol which is an artificial version
of delta-9 THC, the active ingredient in cannabis.
The drug has already been approved in the US for the treatment
of anorexia in patients with HIV/Aids and nausea associated with
chemotherapy.
In the UK, a THC cannabinoid is also being tested in a trial to
see if cannabis-based drugs can ease post-operative pain.
Daily life
In the latest US trial, 48 patients with an average age of 77
who had experienced problems with agitation and had been diagnosed
with anorexia were studied.
All lived in a dementia unit or a care home.
Researchers assessed their cognitive skills and looked at how
they coped with daily life.
They were then given daily doses of five milligrams of dronabinol
per day, which was gradually increased to 10 mg a day.
They were also given anti-psychotic drugs, which reduce delusions
and have a calming effect, and at least four other medications
to control behaviour.
After a month, it was found all the patients had gained weight.
Two thirds experienced a significant improvement in agitation.
No adverse events such as falls, seizures or depressions were
reported.
'Upsetting and stressful'
Dr Joshua Shua-Haim, medical director at the Meridian Institute
for Aging, who led the study, said: "Our research suggests dronabinol
may reduce agitation and improve appetite in patients with Alzheimer's
disease, when traditional therapies are not successful.
"It's important to look at all the aspects of Alzheimer's disease
that contribute to quality of life for patients, family members
and caregivers.
"Agitation and weight loss are upsetting and stressful as the
patient's needs become ever more demanding."
The research was presented to the annual conference of the International
Psychogeriatric Association in Chicago.
CANADA'S POT REVOLUTION
Canadian Marijuana Policy Is Changing Radically. and The White
House Is Not Happy
In November 2001, when Alain Berthiaume - Montreal's most prominent
marijuana activist - was arrested on drug charges, the best advice
might have been to plead guilty. Berthiaume, who owns a head shop,
a grow shop, a seed band and a pot-culture magazine, was caught
organizing his third annual Cannabis Cup - a public competition
for marijuana growers. Several months later, the police raided
his home and found 1,2000 cannabis plants - what Berthiaume calls
his "small plantation"
But Berthiaume thought he shouldn't have to go to prison. "I've
been smoking all my life," he says. "I no longer want to be treated
as a failure, a drug addict, a fucking thief."
So when the prosecutor offered him a plea deal with only one year
of jail time, he refused it.
And Berthiaume might just win.
In the past few months, a storm of legal reforms in Canada has
made it likely that marijuana will be decriminalized before the
year is out. By then, Parliament is expected to have passed a
bill that will make the possession of small amounts of marijuana
merely a ticketable offense, much like speeding. Meanwhile, this
past spring, an Ontario court voided the country's possession
law on technical grounds, meaning that in the province at least,
there is currently no law against possessing small amounts of
marijuana. And this fall, the Canadian Supreme Court will determine
whether the country's laws prohibiting marijuana possession are
unconstitutional and therefore must be struck down altogether.
Predictably, these reforms have the Bush administration steaming.
Asa Hutchinson, a senior official in the Department of Homeland
Security, warned Canadian journalists that their country would
face "consequences" if it passed decriminalization.
The U.S. "would have to respond" to a change in Canada's drug
laws, David Murray, a top member of the Office of National Drug
Control Policy, told reporters in Vancouver. "This isn't Woodstock."
And John Walters, the drug czar himself, hinted in an interview
with the Boston Globe that the northern border of the U.S. may
have to be restricted, maybe even semi-militarized, like the border
with Mexico. That's a significant threat to the Canadian economy,
which relies heavily on fluid trade with the U.S.
But for all its bravado, the Bush administration has Canada's
marijuana laws all wrong. The Canadians don't see the proposed
new law as a step towards legalization; officials there see it
as a soft and sensible way to crack down on drug use. Adults caught
with fifteen grams or less (about half an ounce) would be fined
$150 (U.S. $107); minors would own $100 (U.S. $71) and a letter
would be sent to their parents. That would be the extent of it.
No handcuffs, no mug shot, no overnight in lockup, no court appearance.
Moreover, as with parking violations there would no cumulative
punishments - as long as you paid your tickets, you could rack
up an infinite number of infractions without fear of additional
or harsher penalties.
In larger cases, when an individual is caught with between fifteen
and thirty grams, police would have the discretion to issue a
ticket (with double the fines) or file criminal charges, carrying
the old penalties - up to six months in jail.
Unlike in the U.S., where pot prosecutions have skyrocketed during
the past few years - more than 640,000 people were arrested for
possession in 2001, nearly double the number arrested for all
marijuana offenses in 1992 - Canada's judicial system only rarely
enforces its own pot laws.
In 1999, Canadian police charged only about 21,000 people with
cannabis possession. And that's only about half the number of
times law enforcement reported an "incident" of cannabis possession.
In other words, police looked the other way just as often as they
arrested people.
Richmond, British Columbia - a city whose prosecutions were examined
by a government commission - is a good example. In 2001, the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police found individuals in possession of marijuana
605 times. But they charged only thirty people.
In short, Dudley Do-Right isn't doing much. And the country's
leaders are realistic about it. "We don't believe that charging
[and] prosecuting some 25,000 people a year really sends a message
about the harmful effects of marijuana," says Richard Mosley,
a senior official in Canada's Department of Justice. A Canadian
Senate committee came to the same conclusion last year, noting
that "any deterrent effect [the current law] may have [is] seriously
in doubt."
Instead, the Department of Justice expects that when the penalty
is reduced to a mere fine, nabbing offenders will be more efficient,
and in turn a far greater number of Canadians will be pinched
for pot. Criminologists call this phenomenon the "net-widening
effect."
"[This reform] is not in any way an endorsement of a relaxed approach
to the possession and use of cannabis," Mosley says. "The level
of enforcement will go up."
Moreover, the bill, if anything, ought to lessen the flow of pot
from Canada to the U.S., not increase it - making the Bush administration's
concerns even more off the mark.
The proposed law will double the penalties - from seven to fourteen
years - for large-scale growers: those with fifty plants or more,
who presumably cultivate much of the pot that is shipped south.
At the same time, it leaves untouched the current draconian penalties
for trafficking or exporting drugs - offenses that still allow
life imprisonment.
In sharp counterpoint to the U.S., Canada simply lacks any strong
voice in favor of strict enforcement of criminal penalties for
marijuana use. Last September, Canada's Senate Special Committee
on Illegal Drugs issued an exhaustive 600-page-plus report that
examined every aspect of the country's marijuana laws and concluded
that legalization was the necessary reform.
Instead, some lawmakers even seem to find the whole subject amusing,
treating it with a casual offhandedness unthinkable for their
U.S. counterparts. When asked by reporters whether he had ever
smoked marijuana, Minister of Justice Martin Cauchon said, "I'm
thirty-nine years old.... Yes, of course I tried it before, obviously."
And when the bill got delayed at one point, Canada's Prime Minister
Jean Chretien told reporters, "It's coming, it's coming. Relax.
You don't have to smoke it to relax."
Even Dan McTeague, one of the bill's leading, and most thoughtful,
opponents, was careful to say, "I don't believe you throw people
in jail because they smoked marijuana. That's absurd." Instead,
McTeague says he will oppose the bill because he's concerned about
the health consequences for marijuana users and the public-safety
risks of widespread pot use.
Ironically, it's the pot activists who seem most upset about the
upcoming changes in the law, seeing them as a rear-guard attempt
to recriminalize pot possession after it had already been decriminalized
in practice (though not in law). All across the country, smokers
and growers have been ignoring pot laws during the past few years,
banking on the fact that even if they got arrested, nothing would
happen. Pot is openly smoked in coffee shops in Vancouver and
even in smaller, provincial cities such as Saint John, New Brunswick.
"It's all cosmetic," says Marc-Boris St.-Maurice, the leader of
the federal Marijuana Party, who has been arrested several times
on pot charges. "The day the government realizes there's money
to be made writing tickets for potheads, we're going to increase
the amount of potheads being targeted."
At Crosstown Traffic, an Ottawa head shop, many of the clients
said they, too, were worried about the ticketing scheme. One customer,
Oliver Greer, a smart, confident, and at times very funny nineteen-year-old,
is particularly concerned about how much the new law will cost
him. Greer says he smokes between fifteen and twenty joints a
day.
"If you get caught smoking a joint by a cop, he's just going to
take it and throw it away," Greer says. But when the ticketing
system kicks in, he predicts, "For people who smoke lots and lots
of weed, the fucking tickets are going to add up, you know what
I mean?"
Pot has reached so deeply into Canadian daily life that Canada
could very well become the most stoned country on earth. According
to Alain Berthiaume, even small towns - some with as few as 15,000
people - have grow shops.
In Saint John, a small costal city ninety minutes from the Maine
border, Jim Wood recently added a pot-friendly coffee bar to Hemp
N.B., the head shop that he and his wife, Lynn, own. But later
this month, the couple says they will become the very first to
take the final, most controversial step for Canada's marijuana
movement: They will begin openly selling pot to the public over
the counter. Even Berthiaume - despite his many marijuana ventures
- never actually deals, but the Woods intend to do some, and to
do it unabashedly.
"What we want," says Jim Wood, "is Americans coming up here, spending
their U.S. dollars on our pot."
Wood believes he has the right to sell pot thanks to a loophole
in Canada's medical-marijuana laws: The cafe at Hemp N.B. will
sell pot to anyone who presents a photocopy of any doctor's diagnosis.
While Hemp N.B. will check to ensure the diagnosis comes from
a legitimate doctor, a customer's doctor's note can say anything.
It need not prescribe marijuana, Wood stresses. It doesn't even
need to be evidence of an illness that's normally thought to be
treatable with marijuana. "Dandruff would work," says Wood. "If
you felt that eating or smoking pot - or maybe even rubbing it
in your hair - would help, you're more than free to do so, as
far as I'm concerned."
Wood says that he and his wife designed the coffee shop at Hemp
N.B. to resemble a well-worn 1970s living room, with an overabundance
of houseplants, checkers and cribbage sets, and comfortable seats.
Adults over nineteen, he says, may smoke their own pot as long
as they buy a cup of coffee. Tobacco smokers, thought, must take
their cigarettes outside. In May, a few weeks after the cafe opened,
police officers hauled off five pot smokers. But when they appeared
in court, an officer told them to go home. Charges still haven't
been filed, presumably because of the current flux in the law.
(In Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, to other eastern Canadian
provinces, the courts have suspended all marijuana prosecutions.)
Now, business is booming. Wood says he's getting about seventy-five
customers a day; and, increasingly, Americans making port calls
on North Atlantic cruise ships are stopping by - just as he'd
hoped.
Wood seems to be anticipating a future free of marijuana laws,
or at least of their enforcement - and so, in his own way, is
Berthiaume. Ten years from now, Berthiaume says, he's "positive,
positive, positive" that there won't be trials like his anymore
in Canada.
For now, though, he is awaiting sentencing. Based on the judge's
reactions from the bench, Berthiaume expects to receive six months
to a year in prison, or maybe house arrest. But he vows that the
legal hassles won't cause him to cancel his Cannabis Cup for the
second straight year. "We're going to do it again, man," he assured
me. "We cannot let that go, man."
CANADIAN GOVERNMENT BEGINS SELLING POT
From correspondents in Toronto
August 27, 2003
JARI Dvorak scored 60 grams of pot and lit up,
but - unlike in the past - the deal involved no back alley exchange
or hiding from police. This time, the 62-year-old Dvorak went
to a doctor to pick up his supply, making him one of the first
patients to receive government-grown marijuana.
He paid $US$245 ($380), tax included. "I just smoked some and
it's doing the trick," the HIV-positive Dvorak said. He is one
of several hundred Canadians authorized to use medical marijuana
for pain, nausea and other symptoms of catastrophic or chronic
illness. The program announced last month by the federal health
department provides marijuana grown by the government in a former
copper mine turned underground greenhouse in northern Manitoba.
Dvorak described his new stash as light green and orange in color,
resembling ground tobacco sealed in vacuum-packed bags. If he
saw some lying around, he said, "I would say that's marijuana,
especially if I sniff it."
Getting it has been a three-year struggle
for Dvorak and other Canadian patients who have battled through
the courts to make the government respond to what they call their
need for a compassionate exemption from criminal law. Marijuana
possession remains a crime in Canada, though the government has
proposed making small amounts - less than 15 grams (half an ounce)
- punishable by a citation and fine similar to a traffic ticket.
Officials in the neighboring United States have warned of tighter
border security if Canada takes that step. Last month, Health
Minister Anne McLellan announced the program to sell the government-grown
marijuana, satisfying an Ontario court order for the government
to make a legal supply available to authorized patients. The court
ruling said current laws made "seriously ill, vulnerable people
deal with the criminal underworld to get medicine."
Dvorak's supply
came with something he never had seen - a content analysis. He
noted the THC content was 10.2 percent, compared to the range
of 3 percent to 18 percent in most street marijuana. Tetrahydrocannabinol,
or THC, is the psychoactive chemical in marijuana. He smokes marijuana
in the morning to soothe nausea from the HIV drugs he has taken
for 15 years. "I'm so happy the government is coming through with
it," Dvorak said. "Are they going to carry on with it? We'll see."
McLellan has called the initial program an interim measure to
satisfy the court order while the government appeals the ruling.
Canada unveiled plans for medical marijuana in 2000 and began
growing a supply in the abandoned mine shaft in Flin Flon, Manitoba.
New regulations took effect on July 30, 2001, expanding the number
of Canadians allowed to use medical marijuana and allowing people
to grow their own or designate someone to grow it for them. The
regulations also cleared the way for distribution of the government-grown
pot, but McLellan's department later announced it needed further
tests on the effects of medicinal marijuana and its quality before
making any available.
That brought last year's court ruling ordering
the government to offer a legal supply instead of making patients
buy off the street.
Medical marijuana users complain the Canadian system has been
a bureaucratic maze intended to stifle the issue instead of providing
pot to those who need it. While hundreds have received federal
exemptions to grow and possess marijuana, others say it is hard
to find doctors to sign off on their requests. Dvorak described
himself as lucky because his "compassionate" doctor understands
the need. He refused to give the doctor's name.
LONDON CANNABIS TRIAL FOR PAIN RELIEF
Cannabis is to be used to treat
pain relief after surgery in 35 hospitals across the country under
a government-funded experiment. Around 400 patients scheduled
to undergo surgery are being asked to take part in the trials
to measure the effects of cannabis plant extract against other
pain-relieving drugs. Each patient will be randomly assigned to
one of four oral pain relieving treatments containing either standardised
cannabis extract, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, an active ingredient
in cannabis), a standard pain-relieving drug, or a placebo. The
pain relief and side effects will be assessed over a six-hour
period with patients being asked to respond to questions about
their pain and feelings.
The UKP 500,000 study for the medical
research council is being led by Dr Anita Holdcroft from Imperial
College, London. She said that anecdotal evidence suggesting cannabis
could provide effective pain relief for a variety of debilitating
conditions needed to be assessed scientifically. "My patients
and clinicians want an answer to the question of whether cannabis
is effective at relieving pain," she said. "We need to assess
the scientific merits of some of the anecdotal evidence and we
need to do this in the same way as any other experimental pain
treatment." She added that if oral cannabis plant extract was
found to be effective and without adverse side effects, it could
provide another pain relief option to doctors and patients.
The
MRC confirmed that the hospitals currently signed up to take part
in the trial are: Chelsea and Westminster, London Charing Cross,
London Hammersmith, London Ravenscourt Park, London Barts and
the Royal London, London The Middlesex UCLH, London The Manor,
Walsall, West Midlands Ealing Hospital, London Hillingdon Hospital,
London West Middlesex, Middlesex The Whittington, London Royal
United Hospital, Bath St John's Hospital, Livingston, Lothian
Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast City Hospital, Nottingham Queen
Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, West Sussex Royal Devon & Exeter
Hospital York District Hospital Southampton General Derriford
Hospital, Plymouth Wexham Hospital, Slough, Berkshire Wrexham
Maelor, North Wales Glasgow Gartnavel Whipps Cross, London Luton
and Dunstable Hospital, Bedfordshire The Lister Hospital, Stevenage,
Hertfordshire Stirling Royal Infirmary, Falkirk and District Royal
Infirmary Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow Blackpool Victoria Hospital
Princess Alexandra, Harlow, Essex Royal Liverpool University Hospital
Southmead Hospital, Bristol James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough
Ipswich Hospital, Suffolk
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